{"id":77693,"date":"2024-08-01T14:48:29","date_gmt":"2024-08-01T17:48:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/?p=77693"},"modified":"2026-04-05T13:34:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T16:34:07","slug":"article-for-a-peoples-energy-transition-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/en\/2024\/08\/01\/article-for-a-peoples-energy-transition-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"ARTICLE | For a people\u2019s energy transition in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-1024x768.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-52542\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-205x154.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002-480x360.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/signal-2023-03-29-130241_002.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Floating photovoltaic plant. Photo: Projeto Veredas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This article presents three reflections on energy policy in Brazil and the challenges surrounding the theme of \u201cenergy transition.\u201d The first relates to initiatives to reorganize production in the face of the severe crisis in the global economy, seen as an opportunity by economic agents to expand their businesses and further concentrate wealth. The second addresses the organizational foundations of the energy industry in Brazil, which shape transition initiatives and must be confronted. Finally, we examine the relationship between the energy transition, climate change, and the financialization of nature and the climate.<br><br>First, we start from the notion that the centrality of energy policy organization does not lie in the sphere of circulation or commodity exchange, but in the sphere of production. Energy is an integral part of a productive process that, through the conscious action of human beings on nature, makes it possible to intensify and transform production processes, generating leaps in productivity for the production of value and surplus value in the capitalist mode of production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is worth recalling that productivity is determined by the average skill of workers, the level of development of science and technology, the social organization of the production process, the volume and effectiveness of the means of production, and the natural conditions or natural bases for production (Cervinski, 2019). Since the value of a commodity is determined by its average value on a global scale, agents controlling the most productive units and locations will have an extremely favorable position. In addition to average profit, they obtain extra profit and protect themselves from potential crises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a central dispute at the present moment, taking place mainly between countries of the Global North, at the core of capitalism, and developing countries seeking to advance their industries, such as the BRICS, especially China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, it can be observed that ongoing energy transition initiatives are embedded in a search for solutions to the severe crisis of the global economy. Economic forces holding power on an international scale intensify disputes and movements around techniques and technologies for reorganizing labor, in order to increase rates of exploitation and capital profitability. Locations with higher productivity structures, such as Brazil, become centers of intensified disputes for their control. In this scenario, energy plays an extraordinary role in this reorganization of the global economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second reflection concerns the reality of the Brazilian energy industry. Privatization measures initiated in the 1990s have shaped an organization of energy production that penalizes the Brazilian people, concentrates national wealth, and deepens external dependence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The seven organizational foundations of the Brazilian electricity industry can be understood as a trend for other energy production chains. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) private control of energy, under the dominance of banks and financial funds;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) market anarchy under the interests of the financial system, through fragmentation into multiple business segments and the maximum indebtedness of energy companies, with abusive interest rates benefiting interest-bearing and rentier capital;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) the application of international-based pricing and tariff policies, based on the most expensive energy, as a mechanism for exploiting the Brazilian population;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) state laws and institutions regulating energy policy that have been captured, shaped, and subordinated to the interests of financial capital and its subordinate associates;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5) restructuring of labor to intensify worker exploitation;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. the expansion of violations of the rights of affected populations as a national pattern;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7) the choice of a natural-resource-based energy matrix that offers advantages, creating a differential condition to access both average and extraordinary profits, making Brazilian structures targets of international dispute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such organization has driven up energy prices and tariffs applied to the vast majority of the population, even though Brazil has one of the lowest electricity production costs. High labor productivity and favorable conditions have become mechanisms for privileging a rentier minority, to the detriment of the overwhelming majority of the working class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, an energy transition policy aligned with national interests must boldly act in a strategic manner to transform energy policy across all the bases mentioned, both in energy sources and in the overall structure of the electricity system. Brazil\u2019s needs indicate that the energy transition cannot be reduced to a simple change in the energy matrix \u2014 from fossil fuels to renewables. Despite its enormous importance, this is insufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, regarding global warming, science shows that the main causes are the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). According to the 6th report of the Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the growing burning of fossil fuels, unsustainable land use, and deforestation are identified as key drivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"52505\" src=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-52505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-205x273.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1-480x640.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-1.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"52508\" src=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-52508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-205x273.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1-480x640.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/caminho-das-plas-solares-1.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"52548\" src=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-52548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-205x273.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2-480x640.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/mab.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/placas-solares-na-agua-2.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Photos: Projeto Veredas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The world is warmer than in the pre-industrial period, and we are experiencing the consequences daily. In the Paris Agreement, signatory countries agreed to aim to limit warming to 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels, but there are few concrete measures to achieve this goal, making it increasingly difficult to reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We must consider that the largest energy consumers are also the largest emitters of GHGs. According to data from Our World in Data, in 2022 the United States, Europe, and China together accounted for 60% of primary energy consumption, 86% of which came from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear). The United States and Europe are the largest historical contributors. A 2017 study called Carbon Majors reveals that 100 major companies account for 70% of emissions since 1988. In the Brazilian case, large agribusiness actors leading deforestation and livestock expansion must also be considered among those most responsible for the climate crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The strategy of financial oligarchies that hold power presents as a solution the \u201cpolitical economy of carbon,\u201d which aims to promote the complete financialization of nature and a new economic (and territorial) division of essential natural bases and surplus values at national and international scales. Their goal is to turn the climate into yet another major business, through the creation of new markets and commodities, the privatization of forests and water, consumption-based taxation (penalizing the working class), and trade restrictions against competitors amid industrial rivalries. This is a false solution to the problem. It does nothing to alter the logic of rivalry, financial parasitism, or the relations of production and circulation of commodities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While financial oligarchies increase their profits, the most impoverished segments of the working class suffer from extreme heat, melting ice, droughts, landslides, floods, contamination, food scarcity, among other impacts. The IPCC report acknowledges that those who \u201ccontribute least to climate change are disproportionately affected.\u201d In reality, the burden is borne by working masses living in peripheral areas, especially Black and Indigenous populations, and particularly women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the energy transition is not exclusively a matter of changing the energy matrix. If it were, Brazil could already be considered a country that has achieved the transition. According to data from the Energy Research Company (EPE) from 2020, while global energy consumption consisted of 15% renewable and 85% non-renewable sources, in Brazil it was 51.6% and 48.9%, respectively. In electricity, while globally it is 71.4% non-renewable and 28.6% renewable, in Brazil it is 17.1% and 82.9%. In Brazil, the largest contribution to global warming comes from deforestation and land-use change, especially in the Amazon and the Cerrado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fact is that the climate crisis is a consequence of the production and reproduction of capital, based on the exploitation of the vast majority of the population and on a destructive logic toward nature and the premature disposal of commodities. A transition restricted to the energy matrix (sources), without changing energy policy and the mode of production, will have limited effects. The logic of capital is production through destruction, not preservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We believe that Brazil faces a historic opportunity in the energy sector that will shape the coming decades. The country has extraordinary renewable energy potential, a qualified workforce, advantageous natural resources, an interconnected production structure, and important state-owned enterprises. If it acts strategically, the energy transition can become an opportunity for national reconstruction and the reorganization of a powerful, sovereign energy industry that is globally recognized for environmental stewardship. Otherwise, the trajectory of subordination and re-primarization of the economy will deepen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The paths ahead are: to deepen the current energy policy \u2014 marked by financial parasitism, abusive pricing, wealth concentration, and dependence \u2014 or to change course toward building new relations of production and control over energy, associated with a sovereign national strategy committed to safeguarding life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is necessary to build a people\u2019s energy transition that places the interests of working masses at its center, prioritizes environmental care, and ensures a fair distribution of outcomes. Furthermore, energy production must prioritize renewable sources, guided by care for nature and by confronting the logic of the declining use-value of commodities. The energy transition must promote change across the entirety of energy policy, including the energy matrix, enabling a reorganization of production and control over national wealth. For this reason, we advocate the need for a people\u2019s energy transition as a fundamental part of a popular project for Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>Alexandra Barbosa da Silva \u2013 National Coordination of MAB and Master\u2019s in Geography from UNESP. Elisa Estronioli \u2013 National Coordination of MAB and Master\u2019s in Geography from UFPA. Gilberto Cervinski \u2013 National Coordination of MAB and Master\u2019s in Energy from UFABC.<\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The energy transition must promote change across the entirety of energy policy, enabling a reorganization of production and control over national wealth<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":52542,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_related_point":[]},"categories":[4583,4619],"tags":[5659,5658,5442],"autor":[5655,5656,5657],"editoria":[4611,4593],"class_list":["post-77693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-opinion","tag-energy-2","tag-energy-sovereignty","tag-energy-transition-en","autor-alexandra-borba-mab","autor-elisa-estronioli-mab-2","autor-gilberto-cervinski-mab-2","editoria-climate-changes","editoria-energy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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